Anatomy and Physiology Comprehensive Final

The 2000-Meter Row A Case in Homeostasis Adapted from the National Center for Case nurture Teaching in Science* by Nathan Strong At the graduation 1. Rec altogether that Jims nucleus and respiratory vagabond be change magnitude, he was perspiration and that his verbalize was dry onwards the raise began. Explain what is happening to his autonomic nervous system (including which character is the most active) and specify exactly how those autonomic nervous system responses are creating the symptoms noted.What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? (8 points) In his autonomic nervous system, the sympathetic division was the most active before and during the race because it is what prepares your body for extra physical activity. It activated as he was preparing for the race because he was becoming more than stressed and nervous. It started in the sympathetic midway located in his hypothalamus, and from in that location led mul tiple places causing his symptoms.His increased heart rate started when the cardioacceleratory warmheartedness in the Medulla oblongata move impulses down the spinal electric cord to the preganglia and ganglionic neurons of the cervical and T1-T3 spinal cord segments, thusly the cardiac and pulmonary plexuses, which whence be givens to the heart and increases the rate at which it pumps. At the same time, his respiratory rate increased similarly. Impulses sent down his spinal cord done the preganglia and ganglionic neurons of the Cervical and T1-T3 spinal cord segments, to his cardiac and pulmonary plexuses, which then led to a high living rate.The sweating is another response to the activation of his fight or flight mode, the sympathetic division. His body perceived his nervousness as a sign that there is a threat and he may amaze to exert more animation and in turn become hot, so it prepares for that by sweating in an effort to cool his body. His postganglionic fibers b egan to supply his sweat glands by releasing acetylcholine and activating his muscarinic receptors. The cause of his dry mouth was his preganglionic fibers which ascend to his superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and inhibited his salivary glands.Finally, during a time where the sympathetic division of the ANS has been activated, the blood flow to the digestive system bequeath be restricted and temporarily restricts digestive activities. Then, in the urinary system, kidney functioning is reduced, the detrusor urinae muscle-builder of the bladder wall relaxes as the inhering urethral sphincter contracts, which overall suspends the urinary system. One minute in 2. Consider the power stroke of rowing from the perspective of the carry outs at the elevate and elbow joints.Create a table that shows what muscles, under overtop of what cores, pull on what bones to cause each action. Be sure to include the action of fixating the shoulder blade and pulling it back. The head start-c lass honours degree column for your table must(prenominal) be the action. This column should describe what is occurring in both(prenominal) English and anatomic terminology (see chapter 9). But only include those actions involve to row the boat. Points will be deducted for unneeded actions. See example below*. (15 points) Action heft Origin Insertion NerveMaintain Handle Heightangulate motion of the humerus at the shoulder Deltoid Clavicle, spine and acromion of shoulder bone Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Axillary Nerve Pulls Together The Shoulder BladesAdducts and rotates shoulder blade downward Rhomboidmajor and minor Spinous turnes of C7 and T1-T5 Medial border of scapula dorsal Scapular Nerve Pulling The Handle Toward Your ashesFlexes the forearm at the hinge joint of the elbow Biceps brachii Long head at supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula by dint of the intertubercular groove, short head at coracoid process of scapula Radial tuberosity Musculocutaneous Nerve Pus hing The Handle Away From automobile trunkExtend the forearm at the hinge joint of the elbow Triceps brachii askant head at substructure side of humerus, medial head at distal radial groove of humerus, long head at gross profit margin of the glenoid cavity Olecranon process of the ulna Radial Nerve 3. Now, resolve one of those muscles and trace their control from the appropriate brain structure all the way to the NMJ. Be sure to include all medium structures, synapses, plexuses and plaques. (8 points) endeavour of the deltoid begins in the cerebrum of the brain, but more specifically in the frontage lobe, the premotor cerebral cortex is relaying instructions to the primary motor cortex.The primary motor cortex contains the upper motor neurons whose axons will travel down the pyramids of the medulla oblongata and synapse on lower motor neurons in the anterior gray horns of spinal cord segments C5-C6. From there, the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-C6 form the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, which splits into two divisions. We will follow the posterior division that supplies to extensor muscles. This posterior division then runs into the posterior cord from which the aliform nerve is derived. The axillary nerves motor end innervates the deltoid through its neuromuscular junction. 4. Rowing full speed is putting maximum demands on Jims muscles.What metabolic process is providing most of the energy for Jims muscles at this point and why do Jims muscles feel like they are burning? (5 points) As Jims muscles are at maximum demand, his mitochondria are unable to produce the needed adenosine triphosphate through aerobic respiration because oxygen is unable to flaccid fast enough into his muscle fibers. At this time anaerobic glycolysis takes the lead as the metabolic process producing two-thirds of the ATP needed so that his muscles gutter continue contracting. However, during glycolysis, there is soon more pyruvic point produced then put forwar d be used at the time. That pyruvic acid gets converted to lactic acid, which is an electronic organ acid that is able to dissociate in body fluids.The lactic acid breaks up into hydrogen ions and negatively charged lactate ions that lowers intracellular pH and causes a burning sensation in his muscles. 5. Trace the sensation of trouble in Jims left Quadriceps muscle from the receptor to wisdom in the brain. Be sure to include the nerve and all intermediate structures involved in relaying this sensation. (8 points) When Jim felt a pain sensation in his Quadriceps muscle, it began with the local nociceptors being activated. A signal was then transmissible from his nociceptor neurons, through the dorsal root ganglia where the cell bodies are located. Then, the signal is touch on through the Central Nervous System, reaching the interneurons and being relayed to the brain through the lateral spinothalamic tract.The lateral spinothalamic tract and interneurons end in the ventral nuc lei of the thalamus, where third-order neurons process and relay the painful sensation to the primary sensory cortex. 6. Since the end of the first minute, Jim has decreased the demands his muscles are making. What metabolic process is now providing most of the energy for his muscles? What muscle protein has been storing Oxygen for this activity? (6 points) Now that Jim has decreased the demand on his muscles, they are able to function primarily on aerobic metabolism, breakout down pyruvic acid to produce ATP. However, he is still working at a high level of energy, which will require a luck of oxygen. Myoglobin, an oxygen-binding protein helps to supply some of the needed oxygen for aerobic respiration. 7. What energy molecules is Jims body consuming?What might Jim dedicate done the night before to increase his courage today? (4 points) During the race, Jim was using broken down glucose from the animal starch reserves in his sarcoplasm. A good way to improve endurance during a race is to eat a meal full of interlinking carbohydrates. These carbs provide energy the next day because they take longer than about any other food to be broken down, and as they are slowly digested they continue to provide energy throughout the race. 8. Identify the components of the homeostatic control system that is keeping Jims body cool and then explain specifically how that system works, including the messaging system involved. (8 pts)The homeostatic control system that maintains body temperature is called thermoregulation. The system has a control center know as the thermoregulatory centre thats located in the hypothalamus. There are two sets of temperature receptors that send information to the control center. One monitors the core by looking at the temperature of the blood that flows through the brain, and the second monitors the external temperature through the receptors in the sputter. in one case his body temp rose above 37. 20C, the higher(prenominal) temp stimulate d his heat going away center. There are then two effectors that were at work lowering his body temperature. First, the smooth muscle of his arterioles supplying the skin relaxed, which caused vasodilation.Second, his sweat glands became more active and began cooling his skin surface. Finally, as his body regains its normal body temperature and that information gets to the hypothalamus, the control center becomes dormant. 9. Recall that Jim could see boats on either side of him. Trace the sign of those boats to perception. (Include all rivet, transduction, transmission and perception processes and structures) (10 points) As Jim was rowing and watching the boats beside him, the first step was reception. This happens as light is entering his eyes and the lens is focusing it onto the fovea of his retina, which is where his photoreceptors are located.The second step is transduction, during which the rods and codes are converting the electro-magnetic energy into electro-chemical nerve impulses. This is the step that allows the light energy to move across our optic nerve and be processed in the brain. That step where his nerve impulses are sent to his primary optical cortex is called transmission. The next step, selection, is where feature detector cells are working to break up the image. Then during organization, through multiple visual perceptual principles, the information is being reassembled into a way that we can sympathize it. The image goes to both our temporal and parietal lobes so that we can discern and determine where the object is located.Finally, the interpretation stage is where the boats he saw where both identified and given meaning. 10. Jim has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and breathing rates still so high? (3 points) His rowing competition took a lot of energy and oxygen. Once it was over, his body needed to restore what was used during his exercise. A higher breathing rate brings more oxygen into the lungs , and a higher heart rate pumps blood so that the oxygen can get into the blood flowing then into the muscles. Oxygen in the muscles will allow restoration of the ATP levels. 11. Why did Jim lose 4 pounds during this event? What tissue/body real(a) was lost and will this be a permanent weight vent? (5 points)About half a pound out of Jims four-pound injury could have been the glycogen reserves in his muscles that were depleted, but most of the weight loss was due to water loss while he was sweating during the race. both of these things will be restored in his body though, causing the weight loss to only be temporary. Works Cited Breathing Rate And Heart pass judgment After Exercise. LiveStrong. Demand Media, Inc. , 14 Jul. 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Chapter 6 Visual Perception. Oup. n. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. PDF file. Homeostasis. BiologyMad. IHW, Mar. 2006. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Keeping Your Autonomic Nervous System healthy. DrWilson. The Center For Development. June 2011 . Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Muscles Used In A Rowing Machine. LiveStrong.Demand Media, Inc. , 3 May, 2011. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. The Body Can Use Glycogen As An Energy Source When aerophilous Exercise Lasts How Long? LiveStrong. Demand Media, Inc. , 7 Jul. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2012. The Brachial Plexus. UpState. Health Science Center, n. d. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. What Is Most Of The weight Loss From When Individuals Lose Weight Quickly? LiveStrong. Demand Media, Inc. , 28 Apr. 2011. Web. 1 Dec. 2012. Why Do You confinement When Youre Nervous? WiseGeek. Conjecture Corporation, 15 Nov. 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012. Why You Should shoot Up On Good Carbs The Night Before A super Game. FitDay. Internet Brands, Inc. , n. d. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.