Albert Einstein And His Theories :: essays research papers

Albert Einstein and His TheoriesEinstein, Albert (1879-1955), German-born American physicist and Nobellaureate, best known as the creator of the special and general theories ofrelativity and for his bold meditation concerning the particle nature of light.He is perhaps the most well-known scientist of the 20th century.Einstein was born in Ulm on March 14, 1879, and spent his youth inMunich, where his family owned a subaltern shop that manufactured electric machinery.He did non talk until the age of three, plainly even as a youth he showed a first-class curiosity about nature and an ability to understand difficultmathematical concepts. At the age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry.Einstein hated the dim regimentation and unimaginative spirit of schoolin Munich. When repeated business failure led the family to leave Germany forMilan, Italy, Einstein, who was then 15 years old, use the opportunity to repossess from the school. He spent a year with his parents in Milan, and when itbecame clear that he would have to make his own way in the world, he finishedsecondary school in Arrau, Switzerland, and entered the Swiss NationalPolytechnic in Zrich. Einstein did not enjoy the methods of instruction there.He often cut classes and used the time to study physics on his own or to playhis beloved violin. He passed his examinations and graduated in 1900 by studyingthe notes of a classmate. His professors did not think highly of him and wouldnot recommend him for a university position.For two years Einstein worked as a tutor and substitute teacher. In 1902he secured a position as an examiner in the Swiss patent office in Bern. In 1903he married Mileva Mari, who had been his classmate at the polytechnic. They hadtwo sons but eventually divorced. Einstein later remarried.Early Scientific PublicationsIn 1905 Einstein received his doctorate from the University of Zrichfor a theoretical dissertation on the dimensions of molecules, and he alsopublished three theoreti cal papers of central importance to the development of20th-century physics. In the first of these papers, on Brownian motion, he made real predictions about the motion of particles that are randomlydistributed in a fluid. These predictions were later confirmed by experiment.The second paper, on the photoelectric effect, contained a revolutionaryhypothesis concerning the nature of light. Einstein not only proposed that undercertain circumstances light can be considered as consisting of particles, but healso hypothesized that the zip fastener carried by any light particle, called a photon,is proportional to the frequency of the radiation.

The Dreamer and the Dream :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Dreamer and the Dream   Even after all these years of daydream I am smooth dumbfounded by the intricacy and originality of the props that lie scattered across the dream stage. One of my dreams, for instance, featured a cautiously crafted garner from a old love which included a map of the Pacific Coast near Seattle with a cardboard sailing mail that slow sailed south by sou-west as I lifted the rogue.   It was so clever that I wondered out loud how did she do that? and turned over the page to discover a runty slit made rigid with a careful application of black wax. The ship was attached by a capitulation which passed through the slot the masthead had a small black plastic cap that kept it in place. The mechanism was crafted so that the force of gravity caused a stately procession of the ship shortly after the page was lifted.   So thats how the letter worked, but how did the dream itself work? I wont ask what it means, but, in general, how do dreams do wh at they do? ar there any patterns we can detect? If I could turn my dream over what kind of pins and slots would I find?   The radical pattern I soul is a dichotomy, two distinct and often opposing forces the dreamer and the dream.   The dreamer is like a hobbled version of my waking self. Perspectives in a dream often shift in bizarre ways - one minute I am watching a movie, the next I am in the movie, graduation exercise as one character then as another - but there is generally a me in the dream. When wad describe dreams they say I did this. Then I saw that. Despite all the shifting imagery we perceive ourselves as being in the dream.   besides the me in the dream is antithetic from the me I experience in waking life. For one thing, I cant seem to think clearly in dreams. Ive had dreams in which I struggle at majuscule length with some simple mathematical problem upon waking the answer is obvious. I sometimes try to take notes in my dreams but to no return s the dream me cannot read. (I can pretend read, that is, I can look at a newspaper or letter and seem to read a story, but Im not true(a)ly seeing the words even if I try to write I cannot see the actual words Ive written.The Dreamer and the Dream Personal Narrative Essays The Dreamer and the Dream   Even after all these years of dreaming I am still dumbfounded by the intricacy and originality of the props that lie scattered across the dream stage. One of my dreams, for instance, featured a carefully crafted letter from a past love which included a map of the Pacific Coast near Seattle with a cardboard sailing ship that slowly sailed south by southwest as I lifted the page.   It was so clever that I wondered out loud how did she do that? and turned over the page to discover a small slit made rigid with a careful application of black wax. The ship was attached by a pin which passed through the slot the pin had a small black plastic cap that kept it in place. The mechan ism was crafted so that the force of gravity caused a stately procession of the ship shortly after the page was lifted.   So thats how the letter worked, but how did the dream itself work? I wont ask what it means, but, in general, how do dreams do what they do? Are there any patterns we can detect? If I could turn my dream over what kind of pins and slots would I find?   The basic pattern I sense is a dichotomy, two distinct and often opposing forces the dreamer and the dream.   The dreamer is like a hobbled version of my waking self. Perspectives in a dream often shift in bizarre ways - one minute I am watching a movie, the next I am in the movie, first as one character then as another - but there is generally a me in the dream. When people describe dreams they say I did this. Then I saw that. Despite all the shifting imagery we perceive ourselves as being in the dream.   But the me in the dream is different from the me I experience in waking life. For one thin g, I cant seem to think clearly in dreams. Ive had dreams in which I struggle at great length with some simple mathematical problem upon waking the answer is obvious. I sometimes try to take notes in my dreams but to no avail the dream me cannot read. (I can pretend read, that is, I can look at a newspaper or letter and seem to read a story, but Im not actually seeing the words even if I try to write I cannot see the actual words Ive written.

Drugs: Hurt Players And Sports Essay -- essays research papers fc

Drugs Hurt Players and SportsBrett Favre, Diego Maradona, and Darryl Strawberry are solely big name rollick stars. They all play different sports, but all have the same problemthey tested positive for using illegal drugs. Cocaine, anabolic steroids, andpainkillers are skillful a sample of drugs found in sports. Cocaine is describedthis way, It makes you feel like you can do anything, and for athletes wholong to be in control all the time, thats a strong temptation (Coffey 1).Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetic forms of hormones that produce musclefaster (Rozin 176). Over fifty percent of the players in the NationalFootball unite are weekend or recreational users of cocaine (Burwell 1) .Forty-four Olympians have been caught with steroid use since 1972 (Corelli 28).Through Favres painkillers, Strawberrys and Maradonas cocaine, one can seethat drugs hurt the athletes as well as the sport.     First Brett Favre, who was the Most Valuable Player in the Natio nalFootball League last season, entered a drug abuse focus for his addiction toVicodin, a very strong painkiller (Plummer 129 ). Favre had problems becauseof Vicodin. Favre suffered a rapture in February while in surgery to repair abroken bone. The seizure resulted from the abuse of the painkiller (Howard 1).Favre states, I went to Topeka, because the pills had gotten the best of me( qtd. in Plummer 129). Favres daughter Brittany asked his wife Deanna, Ishe going to die? (qtd. in Plummer 129). He not only fright himself but hisfamily as well. Favre not has to submit up to ten urine tests a month. Hislosses were internal as well. It is kind of embarrassing, says Favre Iwill do what perpetually it takes (qtd. in Plummer 133). He spent several weeks inrehabilitation but was not be fined or suspended. If caught again his chargewill be a four game jailbreak with loss of pay.Another famous athlete, Diego Maradona, was once considered the mostskilled soccer player in the world. Now he is considered a loser. Maradonawas banned from international soccer play for testing positive for cocaine.Shortly after that, he was arrested for cocaine possession (Longman 1). Thefifteen month suspension ended in time for Maradona to play in the 1994 WorldCup. He was then caught with five illegal drugs in his system. One doctorcal... ...re greater than ever and fines are outrageous. The chance toplay and perform must outweigh the desire to experiment with drugs and sufferthe painful consequences of drug abuse.Works CitedBurwell, Bryan. "The NFL Confronts the Burgeoning Drug Crisis." Social IssuesResources serial August 21, 1983, Article 54 hatful 2.Coffey, Wayne. Cocaine Back in Sports News, and Many Ask About BiasDeath. New York Daily News. May 20, 1996."Cornered Kicker." Sports Illustrated. July 11, 1994. vividness 81.Corelli, Rae. "The Drug Detectives." Macleans . July 22, 1996, Volume 109.Longman, Jere. "Maradonas Suspension Disappoints U.S. Tea m" New York Times.July 1, 1994.Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Packers QB Favre Enters Substance AbuseProgram. May 15, 1996.Plummer, William. "Beating the Blitz." People. October 28, 1996.Rozin, Skip. "Steroids and Sports What Price Glory?" Business Week.October 17, 1994.Sports Illustrated. "Cornered Kicker." July 11, 1994. Volume 81.Verducci, Tom. "The Hard Price of Hard Living." Sports Illustrated..February 27, 1995. Volume 82.

The Art of Coffee :: essays research papers

The Art of CoffeeWhen I began my job as a Barista at Mainline Coffee I knew next to nix about this art. I enjoyed hanging out at coffee shops with friends, and appreciated the energy boost drinking a cup could give me however, the sum of my cognition appeared to be only that I knew how to brew coffee at home. I didnt know the differences between espresso and drip brew coffee, or the differences between a cappuccino and a latte. I was ignorant of how much more went into the process of creating good quality coffee. During my first few months there I strove to learn as much about this trade as possible. Similar to any other job that I clear worked at, I felt that it was my duty as a pay employee to become as fully qualified for the position as possible. An emphatic enthusiast about coffee, my manager Josh took me under his wing and began to impart his coarse sum of knowledge to me. Every day I worked with him he would teach me more and more about roasting techniques, different de rivations of coffee and their complex tastes, the shell way to foam milk, and the correct names for specialty drinks. He worked on developing my palate for coffee by requiring me to taste each new origin we ordered and then, using coffee vernacular, describing it to the best of my ability. We would also have competitions between ourselves as to who could create the best micro-foam when frothing milk.As my knowledge of this art increased, I was excited by the potential that I was finding in coffee. I was able to experience excellent coffee and espresso, and it opened my eyes up to the fact that there was much more to coffee than the traditional Maxwell House, Folgers, or instant coffee could ever offer. Once roasted, coffee beans begin to oxidize, and they rapidly put out stale and bitter. Packing and refrigeration is able to slow down this process, however, it can never be prevented. Maxwell House, Folgers, and similar brands come already ground, and who knows how long they have been sitting on the shelf in the grocery store. The flavors brought out of these coffees cant compare to the rich, smooth, and full-bodied flavors of coffee that is recently roasted and ground straightway before brewing. I had discovered something that was good, and I wanted to share my new wealth of information with other coffee drinkers like myself.

Archery Vocabulary :: Archery Sports Bow and Arrow Essays

Archery Vocabulary Adaya An arrow which has missed its target, Japan. Alborium A prorogue made from hazel, 11th century. Anak, Panah An arrow, Malay. anchorman The location to which the hand that draws the bow st glory is positioned to when at full draw. Anchor point The place where an arrows nock is drawn to before release, usually the chin, cheek, ear or chest. Used to help aiming. Aquande-da The flog bracer of the Omaha. Arbalest, Arbalete, Alblast, Arblast The European crossbow of the Middle Ages. Arbalete a Cric A crossbow drawn by a rack and pinion. Arbalete a Jalet, Pellet crossbow, Prodd A crossbow set up to displume stones instead of bolts. Arbalest a Tour A crossbow drawn by a windlass. Arbalestina A cruciform aperture in a wall of a ordnance store from which a crossbow was flavour. Arbrier The stock of a crossbow. Archers guard See bracer. Archers paradox In period bows (without a shelf or shopping center shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line o f aim although the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends nearly the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. See Spine. Archers ring, Thumb ring An effective Eastern order of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Archers Stake A modify wooden stake determined into the ground pointing away from an archer to protect against cavalry. Arcuballista The ancient form of ballista. Arcubalista unis pedis A crossbow which only needs one foot to serve drawing the string. Arrow The missile shot by an archer from a bow. Arrow guide See Majr, Solenarion. Arrowhead The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of corporeal from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Arrowsmith A maker of metal arrowheads. Ascham 1 A tall reduce cupboard for storage of bows and arrows. 2 Roger Ascham, 1515 - 1568, generator of Tox ophilus (1545). Arrow spacer A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a eccentric of arrows apart from each otherwise and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Azusa-yumi A small bow used in magic, Japan. Top B Back of the bow The come along of the bow furthest from the archer when they hold the bow in the firing position.Archery Vocabulary Archery Sports Bow and Arrow EssaysArchery Vocabulary Adaya An arrow which has missed its target, Japan. Alborium A bow made from hazel, 11th century. Anak, Panah An arrow, Malay. Anchor The location to which the hand that draws the bow string is positioned to when at full draw. Anchor point The place where an arrows nock is drawn to before release, usually the chin, cheek, ear or chest. Used to help aiming. Aquande-da The leather bracer of the Omaha. Arbalest, Arbalete, Alblast, Arblast The European crossbow of the Middle Ages. Arbalete a Cric A crossbow drawn by a rack and pinion. Arbalete a Jal et, Pellet crossbow, Prodd A crossbow set up to shoot stones instead of bolts. Arbalest a Tour A crossbow drawn by a windlass. Arbalestina A cruciform aperture in a wall of a fortification from which a crossbow was shot. Arbrier The stock of a crossbow. Archers guard See bracer. Archers paradox In period bows (without a shelf or centre shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line of aim although the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends around the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. See Spine. Archers ring, Thumb ring An effective Eastern method of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Archers Stake A sharpened wooden stake driven into the ground pointing away from an archer to protect against cavalry. Arcuballista The ancient form of ballista. Arcubalista unis pedis A crossbow which only needs one foot to assist drawing the string. Arrow Th e missile shot by an archer from a bow. Arrow guide See Majr, Solenarion. Arrowhead The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of material from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Arrowsmith A maker of metal arrowheads. Ascham 1 A tall narrow cupboard for storage of bows and arrows. 2 Roger Ascham, 1515 - 1568, author of Toxophilus (1545). Arrow spacer A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a sheath of arrows apart from each other and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Azusa-yumi A small bow used in magic, Japan. Top B Back of the bow The surface of the bow furthest from the archer when they hold the bow in the firing position.

Archery Vocabulary :: Archery Sports Bow and Arrow Essays

Archery Vocabulary Adaya An arrow which has missed its target, Japan. Alborium A submit made from hazel, 11th century. Anak, Panah An arrow, Malay. secure The location to which the hand that draws the bow st fence is positioned to when at full draw. Anchor point The place where an arrows nock is drawn to before release, usually the chin, cheek, ear or chest. Used to help aiming. Aquande-da The trounce bracer of the Omaha. Arbalest, Arbalete, Alblast, Arblast The European crossbow of the Middle Ages. Arbalete a Cric A crossbow drawn by a rack and pinion. Arbalete a Jalet, Pellet crossbow, Prodd A crossbow set up to inject stones instead of bolts. Arbalest a Tour A crossbow drawn by a windlass. Arbalestina A cruciform aperture in a wall of a stronghold from which a crossbow was snap fastener. Arbrier The stock of a crossbow. Archers guard See bracer. Archers paradox In period bows (without a shelf or warmness shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line of aim alt hough the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends about the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. See Spine. Archers ring, Thumb ring An effective Eastern rule of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Archers Stake A modify wooden stake goaded into the ground pointing away from an genus Sagittarius to protect against cavalry. Arcuballista The ancient form of ballista. Arcubalista unis pedis A crossbow which only needs one foot to advocate drawing the string. Arrow The rocket shot by an archer from a bow. Arrow guide See Majr, Solenarion. Arrowhead The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of significant from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Arrowsmith A maker of metal arrowheads. Ascham 1 A tall finalize cupboard for storage of bows and arrows. 2 Roger Ascham, 1515 - 1568, seed of Toxoph ilus (1545). Arrow spacer A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a instance of arrows apart from each other(a) and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Azusa-yumi A small bow used in magic, Japan. Top B Back of the bow The approach of the bow furthest from the archer when they hold the bow in the firing position.Archery Vocabulary Archery Sports Bow and Arrow EssaysArchery Vocabulary Adaya An arrow which has missed its target, Japan. Alborium A bow made from hazel, 11th century. Anak, Panah An arrow, Malay. Anchor The location to which the hand that draws the bow string is positioned to when at full draw. Anchor point The place where an arrows nock is drawn to before release, usually the chin, cheek, ear or chest. Used to help aiming. Aquande-da The leather bracer of the Omaha. Arbalest, Arbalete, Alblast, Arblast The European crossbow of the Middle Ages. Arbalete a Cric A crossbow drawn by a rack and pinion. Arbalete a Jalet, Pel let crossbow, Prodd A crossbow set up to shoot stones instead of bolts. Arbalest a Tour A crossbow drawn by a windlass. Arbalestina A cruciform aperture in a wall of a fortification from which a crossbow was shot. Arbrier The stock of a crossbow. Archers guard See bracer. Archers paradox In period bows (without a shelf or centre shot) the arrow which is properly shot will fly in the line of aim although the string propelling the arrow moves directly to the centre of the bow. The arrow in fact bends around the bow after release but after passing the bow returns to its proper line of flight. See Spine. Archers ring, Thumb ring An effective Eastern method of drawing the bow string while using the thumb protected by a ring. Archers Stake A sharpened wooden stake driven into the ground pointing away from an archer to protect against cavalry. Arcuballista The ancient form of ballista. Arcubalista unis pedis A crossbow which only needs one foot to assist drawing the string. Arrow The missi le shot by an archer from a bow. Arrow guide See Majr, Solenarion. Arrowhead The striking end of an arrow, usually made of a different type of material from the shaft such as iron, flint or bronze, depending the purpose of the arrow. Arrowsmith A maker of metal arrowheads. Ascham 1 A tall narrow cupboard for storage of bows and arrows. 2 Roger Ascham, 1515 - 1568, author of Toxophilus (1545). Arrow spacer A circular piece of leather pierced by 24 holes used to keep the shafts of a sheath of arrows apart from each other and prevent damage to the flights during transport. Azusa-yumi A small bow used in magic, Japan. Top B Back of the bow The surface of the bow furthest from the archer when they hold the bow in the firing position.

Introduction to Strategic Management Essay

The menaces facing health make out presidential terms vary in scope and nature (Authenticity Consulting, 2007). It is thitherfore a critical requirement that healthc be organizations receive strategic plans that are capable of helping guard against such brats. To be able to do this, however, every individual organization has to identify the threats that face it and regard to find ways of mitigating or managing the risks associated with the threats. This paper discusses four types of threats facing the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI). These are environ intellectual, economic, governmental, and demographic threats.DiscussionNAMI is specifically involved in the fight against mental sickness through different methods. In this endeavor, the organization is face with the following threats Environmental Threats As an organization that deals with mental issues, the main environmental threat has been the rise in the number of people who are committing self-destruction beca use of their mental condition. This has been especially noned among teenagers (NAMI, 2010). For different reasons, it has been a threat to the continued successful operation of the organization which seeks to reduce the problems associated with mental illnesses, including death.According to the organization, teenage deaths have been on the rise, threatening to reverse the gains so far made. For instance, suicide committed by teenagers and adults with mental illnesses of different kinds accounted for more deaths in the country compared to the combined causes from back toothcer, stroke, pneumonia, birth defects, heart disease, Aids, and lung diseases (NAMI, 2010). This is a pointer that unless appropriate measures are taken to halt and reverse this trend, then the organization risks failing to achieve its objectives.An associated threat is that the cause of the high number of suicide among people with mental illness has not really been underpinned. This has made it even more diffic ult for intervention to be done effectively (NAMI, 2010). Economic Threats In its endeavor to fight against mental illness, NAMI unremarkably employs the use of increased awareness through training and education on mental illness (NAMI, 2010). Do be able to do this the organization postulate a lot of money. As a nonprofit, NAMI relies on the goodwill of sponsors such as charitable organizations and other well-wishers.In the recent times, however, this support has been waning, posing the threat of drying up. This threat has been more real during the global economic crisis than at any other time before because the ability of people to spend money has been greatly reduced due to economic hardships all over the world (Comerford, 2007). With a declining economic outlook, the organization is faced with the threat of having to reduce its advocacy campaigns and narrow come out on the implementation of only those programs that are deemed very critical. Yet every program of NAMI is equally important.This lack of financial support threatens to curtail all the organizations activities unless it is checked now. Demographic Threats NAMI deals with people from different backgrounds each of which has its own unique challenges (NAMI, 2010). Owing to different cultural practices and beliefs, different people with mental illness are treated differently by the society, a move that affects their chances of leading fulfilling lives. Stigma, for instance, is more rampant in certain communities than others. The threat of increased mark against people with mental illness has been there for a long time now.This is in spite of efforts by NAMI to demystify some of the myths associated with mental illness (NAMI, 2010). Over time, stigma is likely to become a leading cause of death among people with mental illness. Another demographic threat is rampant rise in the macrocosm of the world which is making the resources available to people with mental illness to be reduced. Finally, the o ther threat is the high turnover of experts in the mental health care dramatic art (NAMI, 2010). Fewer professionals than are required have remained in the field to take care of the ever-increasing cases of mental illness.This has been exacerbated by the many professionals who continue leaving the field for different reasons (Begun, Kaissi & Sweetland, 2005). Government Threats Government policy has impacted NAMI in many ways. However, the greatest threat posed by government is its failure to pass policies that hang the mentally ill to get better health care services (Swayne, 2006). For instance, there has never been appropriate funding for mental health institutions especially those that are not-for-profit. This is in spite of the commendable work they do in ensuring that there is appropriate healthcare for the mentally ill.That aside, the government has always been coming up with in the raw legislation regarding the health care sector from time to time without really caring wha t impacts such legislation has on the operations of organizations like NAMI (Begun, Kaissi & Sweetland, 2005). Then there is no appropriate health care insurance for people with mental illness because they hardly ever get to be among the main groups that are assure by the government or by their employers. As most people with mental illness never engage in gainful activities, they are faced with the threat of being ignored in major government plans.NAMI is also threatened by policy changes that might require it to meet certain stripped requirements to be eligible for funding (NAMI, 2010). Conclusion Given these threats facing NAMI, there is a need for appropriate strategies to manage them. As with all other threats, these extra ones are outside the control of NAMI and call for proper strategic planning to address them. Risk mitigation and change management are some of the approaches that can help deal with the threats and minimize their impacts should they actually come to happen.

Ethics: How Should I Live My Life Essay

April 15, 2011 How Should I Live? Immanual Kant vs. Jon Stuart Mill In their works Principle of expediency and the Categoricall(a)y Imperative the philosophers Kant and Mill rescue addressed whiz of the most prominent questions humans have asked ourselves since the beginning of sentence what are the fundamental moral principles that we should base our lives on? My intent is to show how each of these philosophers in their approach this subject yielding totally different results. I bequeath compare and contrast and ultimately determine which of their philosophies I personally find better(p) suited to my own representation of life.I ordain excessively point out when mosttimes you good deal have circumstances when they do non play come to each other. Actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote joy, wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is intended pleasure and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure Classics of Moral and Political Theory, 3rd edition p. 398). The purpose of the above theodolite is to define that the moral choice according to Mill. jibe to him when presented with a choice of activitys to take, the correct and moral pull through is to choose the integrity which will produce in its consequences the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain in the world. To help understand his concept I present the succeeding(a) scenarios in which we would bespeak to nurse a moral choice according to the above framework. Lets suppose that while driving we are stopped at a traffic light and a couple of young kids ask you for a donation to help them make a trip to another state for their guinea pig Little League Championship.The outcome findms to depend on how much you need the property. If you were out of a job, struggling to make payments on the rent or nourishment for guinea pig self-aggrandizing away your m iodiny will definitely decrease your own happ iness more than it would increase the happiness of others. However if you have some disposableincome giving it away to the little league of baseball players would who need it more it would definitely increase their happiness, therefor increasing the total amount of happiness in the world as the Principle of Utility demands. Another scenario would be as follows.Imagine that you are harboring a fugitive that committed a petty discourtesy except that you know without any doubt that he has the cure of a disease that currently kills hundreds of thousands of tribe worldwide. If this person gets caught by the law he would neer have the chance to develop the cure. The natural law go to your ho design and ask you if you have seen the person in question. Now if you are following the Principle of Utility you have to consider the impact on the total amount of happiness each of the two possibilities, prescribeing the police the truth or you telling them something else will bring to the h ighest degree.If we examine what could happen if you tell the police the truth, we can see that the polices happiness will be increased as the drop of pain from future victims of the fugitives crimes. But when we compare this against the happiness of the hoi polloi whose lives will be saved by cure that the fugitive will be helping create we can see that in this case the greatest earnest will be d wizard by telling the police that you have not seen the petty thief.In this case the long term effect of the decision helps make it a clear choice according to Mills. enormous term consequences are also evident in the third scenario. In this scenario you find yourself witness of a horrible crime being committed, lets say a rape. At first considering the demands of the Principle of Utility the choices are a little difficult to discern for if you choose to end the life of the raper you are denying him much pleasure of the long term and ca implement him a lot of pain in the in short te rm.Not doing so will also bring overall loss of pleasure by the victim and increase of pain would occur. Neverthe slight if we consider the consequences of not only the short term but also the long term the death of the rapist would most likely spare many in the future from pain and trauma and preserving their opportunity for pleasure, and consequently the Principle of Utility would demand that you take the rapists life to spare the lives of his victim and his other future bingles as well.Lets elapse now to examine Kants Categorical Imperative. The first formulation of which is something that reminds me somewhat to the Golden Rule, Do Unto Others as You Would Have Others Do Unto You. (except the Golden Rule does not make for example a duty to be benevolent to others) Act only according to that byword by which you can at the same time will that it would amaze a universal law. (p. 851) Kant explains this by a series of example one of which goes something like this.If I run out of money I might be tempted to borrow some, even though I know I would be inefficient to repay it. I am acting on the maxim Whenever I debate myself short of money, I will borrow money and promise to pay it back although I know that this will never be done I cannot will that everyone should act on this maxim because if everyone asked for money but thence would never pay it back nobody would be guileve the promise of the borrowers. A promise would lose its meaning.Therefore we could not borrow money under this circumstance as doing it would violate the categorical imperative Kant defines unblemished duty as those which must be fulfilled under any circumstances and dictate a specific course of action he defines watery duties as those which are more subject to circumstances and allow a certain degree of give updom in deciding how to comply with it. I see the difference between these duties as the one where are required by a society to function and those required by a society to be good and civil. Some actions are so constituted that their maxims cannot without contradiction even be thought as a universal law of nature, much less willed as what should become one. In the case of others this internal impossibility is indeed not found, but there is even so no possibility of willing that their maxim should be raised to the universality of a law of nature because such a will would contradict itself. He is trying to say that if it would be against ones own stakes for everyone to act on a particular maxim one cannot will the maxim to be universal as to make it universal it would go against ones own interest.Lets revisit the examples I gave earlier to see how our behavior would change if we let our actions be dictated by the Categorical Imperative. In the first scenario, whether to donate to the little league baseball team, it would seem that the fate of the team would be to never be able to travel as (assuming most of their finances come from donations) if people were never to donate to them any money, but none of that would keep on anyone who does have money from not donating to this club.This seems to indicate that donating to the little league baseball club is not a perfect duty. However it would be against ones own interest for the whole world to be so stingy towards all little league baseball clubs or any other amateur sports clubs for that matter, so one could not will that to be the case and so donating to this club would be an washy duty. In the second scenario, whether to lie to the police about the hidden fugitive, following Kants Categorical Imperative is that one has a perfect duty to never lie, even in such stain. Lets analyze that.According to Kant if everyone were to lie in an attempt to achieve some desirable result, even one as benefitting as saving hundreds of thousands of lives, the meaning of language would cease to be as people would start lying for anything they can think would be for the great good at the end. The maxim in that case would be that you could lie as long as it was to save someones life (in this case the large number of sick people that would have been cured). If that maxim would become universal then we could no longer tell if anyone was telling the truth.Everyone would become untrustworthy communication between people would cease and therefore we would be unable to lie in this case the categorical Imperative demands that we refrain from lying, even if doing so prevents from bringing about undesirable results. At the same time this still does not required us to ever tell the truth we can simply refrain from saying anything if telling the truth would violate another imperfect duty, and in my example it most definitely would since not speaking in this case (even though it may raise suspicion from the police) would be curing people of a disease all over the world a most noble imperfect duty.We can also apply the same line of reasoning to my third scenario, whether to kill a crim inal to stop him from committing a horrible crime, in this case a rape. To allow cleanup spot to achieve a greater good would result in much killing all around, possibly resulting in oneself getting killed in the process and thus making impossibly for one to act at all. It seems that no one could will such disintegration to take place. Wecould modify the maxim here to say that killing is allowed if only to prevent another death, but what we are talking about ere is about the preservation of life, and as with the case of lying to the police, many people could by such a maxim feel themselves justified in killing others to achieve other ends that have nothing to do with stopping a crime. This would result in the anarchy described above so we cannot make it according to Kant a perfect duty but instead at least an imperfect one to not kill even when faced with the opportunity of preventing a crime. Kants second formulation of the Categorical Imperative is Act in such a way that you alw ays treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. (p. 855). Here Kant states that if a maxim diminishes the freedom of choice of others, which he animates is one of the unconditional values of humanity, as a means to obtain other goods then that makes it an immoral maxim violating the definition of perfect duty. Anyone who uses deceptive or coercive methods to undermine the freedom of choice and action exercised by others also violates perfect duty.Looking at the first scenario again, whether to donate to the baseball club. If nobody donated any money it would not mean that you are using other people as a means to an end, you would be just ignoring them not using them at all, so donating is not a prefect duty as the failure of not doing so does not involve misusing other people. However refusing to donate to the little league is a failure to account for other people as ends themselves.Peopl e need to have means in order to exercise their will, so limited means makes it much harder for people to exercise their free will. Therefore if not donating would deprive them of resources, it would be a failure to account for the clubs members ability to freely act as an end of ones own actions and so it makes it an imperfect duty to donate money to the little league baseball club. In the second scenario whether to lie to the police about the location of the fugitive, resource here is reading.For an individual to act freely, he must have accurate information which means that if you lie to someone you are giving them information that is not valid thus not only depriving them of the resource they need to act freely but you are taking away the actor they have to exercise their will. In this scenario lying to the police even with such good motive as getting a cure to a disease that will save hundreds and thousands of lives is to treat the police as a means to an end disregarding the right to exercise their free will.This make in this example a a perfect duty not to lie. However we can also see how there would be an imperfect duty not to tell the police where the fugitive is, for doing so would be a failure to take into account the fugitive as an end in themselves, getting caught and sent to imprison would impede his ability to exercise his free will so according to Kant the correct choice in this case would be to refuse to talk to the police even when this would bring about suspicion and possibly further actions from the police.If we apply the second formulation of the Categorical Imperative to the third example it seems clear that killing another person, even a rapist, would certainly limit his ability to exercise their own will, so the Kants second formulation would require as a perfect duty not to kill the criminal even to save another person from being raped. So as we can see when we apply the principles from Kent and Mills we find ourselves following dif ferent path of actions.In my first example donating to the Little League Baseball Club both Kent and Mills proclaim that donating is the correct choice to make. But when analyzing the second and third example their philosophies start to disagree as what is the right thing to do. The Categorical Imperative is more rigorous insisting that we must not lie to the police and we must not kill the rapist as it is a perfect duty in all cases. The Principle of Utility in contrast allows more room to apply our rational to consider the consequences.It allows certain actions such as lying and killing if it is for the greater good. What is the correct moral framework on which we should base our lives on? Even though I find aspects of each these systems commendable I believe that uncomplete system has been perfectly created. The Principles of Utility relies heavily on the consequences of ones actions to flag a course of action as correct or incorrect. only when by looking our action and their consequences in retrospect we can truly determine if the course of action taken was the correct one.If we had the luxury of foreseeing all consequences then it would be a perfect system but since we always have to make decisions without knowing the ramifications of our actions and most times we only have partial information it does not seem that one should base ones life solely on the principles that Mills dictates. What is needed is a set of rules we can use to adapt our actions to that will always produce the biggest benefit or the least amount of harm in the long run even if in the short term produces consequences that are not as good as other course of action.The Categorical Imperative at first seems to be a good standard for behavior but at the end of my analysis I do not feel comfortable with the absolute rules where by following them we can find ourselves in a scenario where one cannot even lie to save a life let alone kill to prevent it. It just seems as well open for abuse with great benefits by those who did not obeyed the laws akin to what I think would happen if our right to carry arms was taken away so law abiding citizens would not possess any arms but the criminals would, putting the rest of us in a very precarious situation unable to suffer ourselves.At the end I align myself a little more with Mills, I would like to think that if I ever in the situation of the last example I gave I would have enough courage to try stop a rape from happening and any action up to an including killing the rapist would be defensible in court, of course I would prefer to be able to stop it from happening without to resorting to such ingrained measures.If the basis of a free society is the right to liberty and property then our duty should be not just to not impede others to have it but to also defend others when their rights to either are being taken away. I have a have a personal duty to defend those in danger and to give those in need and even if not everyone a dheres to thesemoral guidelines we will all be as a society better off as the general happiness will certainly reach a higher level.

It 255 Final Project

Dear Richman Investments Senior Management, It has come to my attention that your corporate security policy for the firm is out of age and that it needs to be updated. In my time here as an intern I have reviewed the security policy and revised it to keep up with every of the technological updates going on in the inter winnings world today. I was assigned this project and being that we have 5000 employees operating in unalike locations and different parts of the country I have noticed that some of the other branches do not follow the firms policies as they should.Some branches operate on their own policies. I have drafted up a new and improved corporate security policy that covers e get aways, mobile devices, computer usage, email retention policies, passwords, and so on I accept this will help streamline our security policy across the board so that everyone is on the same page and so there is no misapprehension of the firm employee or otherwise. RICHMAN INVESTMENTS CORPORATE S ECURITY POLICY Use of Phone and Mail Systems Personal use of the telephone for long-distance and toll calls is not permitted.Employees should arrange discretion when making local personal calls and whitethorn be required to reimburse The wet for all charges consequenceing from their personal use of the telephone. The mail system is reserved for business purposes only. Employees should refrain from sending or receiving personal mail at the workplace. To ensure tack togetherive telephone communications, employees should always use the approved greeting and direct in a courteous and professional manner. Please confirm information received from the caller, and hang up only after the caller has done so.Computer and electronic mail Usage Computers and other media of electronic communications (Media) are the attribute of the Firm which has a legitimate business interest in the proper utilization of its property. Therefore, each use of the Firms property, and any electronic communi cations sent or received, may be monitored by persons authorized by the Firm. Employees who use such Media for private, non-work related purposes do so at their own risk. The Firm encourages such Media to be used for business purposes and forbids the waste or monopolization of such resources.Electronic communications, including computer files, voicemail and electronic mail ( electronic mail), are not anonymous sender and receiver can be determined, and the nitty-gritty of any message may be viewed by others at bottom the Firm. A password is not intended to ensure the privacy of electronic communications. Instead, it serves to provide a minimum level of security to the Firms Media by restricting attack to those who bear valid passwords. Pr eccentricing a person from outside of the Firm from gaining access to the Firms Media is not the same as affording privacy to the communications of Media users.The Firm strives to maintain a workplace which is free of harassment and sensitive to the diversity of its employees. Therefore, the Firm prohibits the use of computers and the e-mail system in ways that are disruptive, offensive to others, or catastrophic to morale. For example, the display or transmission of sexually explicit images, messages, and cartoons is not allowed. Other such misuse includes, but is not limited to, ethnic slurs, racial comments, tasteless jokes, or anything that may be construed as harassment or showing disrespect for others.In addition, e-mail may not be used to solicit others for commercialised ventures, religious or political causes, outside organizations, or other non-business matters. email IS NOT A PRIVATE COMMUNICATION WITHIN THE FIRM. NEVER USE E-MAIL TO SEND PERSONAL INFORMATION OR DISCUSS PRIVATE MATTERS ABOUT ANYONE, INCLUDING YOURSELF, UNLESS DISCLOSURE OF THAT INFORMATIONWITHIN THE FIRM IS ACCEPTABLE TO YOU. THIS PROHIBITION ALSO APPLIES TO VOICEMAIL AND COMPUTER FILES. ANY DEFAMATORY, injure OR DEROGATORY REMARK ABOUT ANY PERSON OR GROUP OF PERSONS IS PROHIBITED.Email Retention Policy Because the volume of e-mails sent and received continues to rise, the size of attachments Continues to grow, and pictures and images go through significant amounts of storage space, the Firm has Adopted an Email Retention Policy that addresses retaining, deleting and saving e-mail in an effort to Advance the Firms technology objectives and ensure that a reliable network exists for rapid message exchange and communication. The Email Retention Policy allows a faster, more responsive e-mail system and ensures that, in the event of a disaster (i. . hardware failure, natural disaster events, etc. ), our mess senescence services can be quickly restored to operation. This policy also encourages organization of e-mail through the use of email folders. The policy is designed to automatically delete information from only the Inbox, Sent Items and Deleted Items as they age. The Table below illustrates the policy and aging and f low of email items from those folders. Software Policy The Firm will not tolerate any employee making unauthorized copies of packet.The Unauthorized duplication of software violates software licensing agreements and federal copyright laws. Such conduct is not only against the Firms policy, it is a federal criminal offense. No employee shall install any software on any computer at the offices of the Firm unless the installation is approved in writing in advance of the installation. Social Media Policy Although this is not a complete or exhaustive list, employees should consider the following guidelines prior to using social media (including Firm operated social media) while an employee of the Firm.Employees should be aware that while not always apparent, work-related issues may often be implicated by their use of social media. In all instances, employees are expected to use good judgment and to consider the effect their social media use has on others and the way in which others perc eive them. Stay Legal Employees should make sure that their use of social media complies with all applicable laws. When in suspect, the employee should find out whether what he/she is doing is legal before proceeding.Confidentiality An employees confidentiality obligations extend to his/her online activities. Accordingly, employees should be familiar with the Firms policies regarding confidential information. Generally speaking, an employee should not disclose to any third fellowship any information related to the Firm or its employees, products, services, clients, partners, suppliers, or other business interests unless that information is already public knowledge.Even if the information is public, an employee should avoid discussing the Firms clients, suppliers, and partners without their permission. If in doubt about whether particular information may be disclosed, contact a Managing Partner. Copyrights, Trademarks, and Intellectual Property Employees should not make any use or echo of any copyright, trademark, or intellectual property belonging to any other person or entity, except in accordance with applicable law. NO expectation OF PRIVACYFirm employees should have no expectation of privacy with respect to any information created, viewed, distributed, received, uploaded, downloaded, accessed, or otherwise facilitated by the Firms Computer or Information Systems (phone, computer, hand-held devices, etc. ). Similarly, employees should have no expectation of privacy with respect to information that is generally available online. The Firm militia the right to monitor and maintain any content created, viewed, distributed, received, uploaded, downloaded, accessed, or otherwise involving any Firm Computer or Information System or resource.DISCIPLINARY ACTION Any violation of this policy may result in disciplinary action, up to and including termination of employment. Internet Policy For those employees who are provided access to the internet, the Firm en courages the use of the internet for business purposes. Non-business use (such as net surfing for personal enjoyment, entertainment, or childrens school projects) should be kept to a minimum and generally restricted to non-working time. Personal use of the internet that adversely affects an employees productivity is prohibited.No employee may use the internet during working time or during non-working time to access or convey information in violation of any Firm policy. Examples of the types of information that would violate Firm policies include information that is sexually explicit or offensive, or which is offensive, hostile, or harassing with respect to anyones race, religion, color, creed, marital status, sex, ancestry, national origin, age, disability, sexual orientation or preference, veterans status, or any other aspect that is protected by law or by the Firms policies.No employee may use the internet during working or non-working time to access or convey information in an unlawful manner or for any unlawful purpose, such as downloading or write information or programs in violation of copyright and software licensing laws, or using the internet to distribute or receive destructive programs such as viruses. Remember that you should not expect any privacy in your use of the internet.The Firm has the ability to monitor your internet access (all messages sent, sites accessed, and information downloaded). The Firm reserves the right to review and disclose such records or information with or without prior notice or consent. Your hard drive contains a history of sites recently visited and information (such as text and graphics) from those sites. This information is the Firms property.The Firm has the right to enter your workstation or office, with or without notice or consent, at any time, and to access, monitor, review and let possession of your hard drive and any data storage medium. (For example, hard drives, floppy disks, CD-ROMs, videotapes, cassette tapes, etc. ) Anything on Company premises is presumed to be Company property and is covered by this policy. I hope this proposal meets all of your contractual needs and gets everyone on the same page. Thank you.

Dealing with Angry Parents!

We often feel that p arnts argon scolding us or angry with us for things that we feel were not so bad as to warrant such a reaction. While this is not very comforting for us, we must recognize that parents foolt want to do this either. Its just that sometimes when manners is a little hard on their end, they expect support from their kids no matter how young they ability be. When they dont find this support, they tend to get upset. If you are one of those young people who often see their parents angry, then you must learn how to deal with parents and adults who are not in the best of spirits.Learning the proper way to deal with parents who are upset either at us or because of something else is crucial regardless of the yard behind their anger. However, doing so is not completely impossible and here are some simple techniques that can help you out. Find out the reason use up the behavior of your parents. Try to notice what makes them unhappy and identify the things that annoy t hem the most or trigger their anger. The first and most important step is, knowing what makes your parents angry.You pass on never be satisfactory to help yourself or improve the spotlight without knowing so. Once you find out the reason you can move on to the next step and void the nagging or doing something that makes them angrier. Avoid the reasons If you parents get mad at you for not completing your homework on time, try to avoid delaying your work. Similarly, if they get mad at you for not eating healthy food, try to add healthy food to your diet. Whatever the reason may be, you must know that parents always know better.They have far more experience than us and they certainly dont want us to do the wrong things or do things the wrong way. If they are telling you to do something or to stay away from someone or something, there must be a sound reason for that. Just try to avoid powers that are going to trigger their anger. It expertness be hard but its going to benefit y ou change surfacetually. converse to them If you cant identify what makes them angry, speak to them. Ask them where you are wrong and tell them that you want to make an effort to rectify. Also tell them how their anger has prohibit effects on you.Dont have this talk when they are angry because they might not be in a state to listen to you properly, but do it after things cool down a little, perhaps an hour or two after the incident or maybe even a solar day later. You can also bring up the topic randomly according to their mood. Letting them know that their anger disturbs you and you are ready to comply with their instructions, volition help immensely. Consult others If you think theyre not ready to understand or its not possible to talk to them you might want to pertain a third person. If you cant talk to your parents, you must find someone to talk to about it.You cannot keep it inside. If you do, the situation forget get even worse. And with so many people around it is neve r too difficult to find someone to talk to. If you have older siblings, consult them and acquire how they dealt with the situation in their younger years. If youre close to friends, share their experiences. However, you must know that not all friends are positive with the problems of other people some might even pull in ones horns advantage of you and lure you into doing bad things. You must be wise and sensible while consulting a third person.And also be redolent of the fact that if you talk to someone who likes to gossip, he or she might just spread stories about your parents and family which will put them in a bad light. So choose the person wisely. Teachers and school counselors are great pillars of help and support. They are also wise people so their advice will always help you and exit you to find a solution of the problem. Moreover, teachers are generally trustworthy and you cannot discuss such matters with anyone who is not reliable. Hence the easiest bet is to talk it o ut with your teacher and ask him or her for suggestions to improve the situation.Another safe bet can be your grandparents. They will never exploit the situation because they love you and your parents both. You can brief your grandparents about the situation and ask them to help and suggest you what to do. They might also be able to have a word with your parents and tell them about your feelings and emotions, which youre not able to convey yourself. Techniques to help you out As mentioned earlier avoiding things and situations that trigger anger will help greatly but at times there are so many other small techniques to make your parents feel happier and less stressed.Try to become responsible, be more obedient, complete your work on appropriate time, take meals properly, apologise even if you think you were right, move to a quiet location, avoid confrontation and arguments and maintain discipline in the house. While all of these put unneurotic might seem like a heavy doze, you must know that once incorporated into your lifestyle, all these are very small positive changes that will help you deal with angry parents and also nurture your personality as you grow up.Our parents do so much for us they literally work day in and day out just so we can get the best of education and a comfortable life. They compromise on their social life to give more time to us. They pick and drop us from school even in the scorching heat of summers without complaining once. They get up out front us in the morning and go to bed after we sleep at night, yet dont complain once. And while doing all this, they might get tired and stressed after all they are humans and not robots. Hence, we need to understand them and give them the special attention and care they deserve.

Heritage Assessment Essay

What is a heritage assessment? A heritage assessment is a subpart to the overall nursing assessment. Assessing a longanimouss heritage allows the nurse to obtain more information about a patients culture, including beliefs about wellness and values, this is important to providing cultural health c be. matchlesss heritage includes information about their cultural beliefs and practices of the family and ethno religious community (Jarvis, C. , 2012).Through a heritage assessment the nurse crumb obtain a vast amount of information about the patient/ family, including but not limited to, where ancestors were born, how many siblings they have, if the family originated in another country, how often time is spent with family, religion, if the patient prefers the company of people with the same values and religion or ethnic background, what type of foods the patient prepares, and the patients native language.This paper will debate what the author learned from completing a heritage asses sment marionette, the efficaciousness of a heritage assessment tool when assessing a patient/ family/ community as a whole. This paper will also compare the health traditions of three different families (and cultures) to include, health maintenance, health protection, and health restoration, while identifying common traditions based on the authors heritage. What the families ascribe their traditions to will also be discussed.To begin, what was learned from the heritage assessment tool and why it is useful to apply a heritage assessment in evaluating the needs of a whole person should be discussed. Useful information and insight was gained from completing the heritage assessment tool. Once muster out, there were lots of negative responses noted, meaning, the author has very little identification with her traditional heritage. It should not be assumed that everyone identifies with their traditional heritage this could in turn solvent in the delivery of poor health care and/ or ed ucation.If you are not already familiar with your beliefs and practices the heritage assessment tool is very facilitatory in getting you there, and helping you learn more about what heritage is. When evaluating the needs of a whole person a heritage assessment is useful and necessary. One of the most important reasons that a heritage assessment is useful is because it helps practitioners in providing culturally withdraw health care. Discovering what cultures and beliefs you are facing through appropriate assessment is very important.The culturally competent nurse must have knowledge in four areas (1) your own personal heritage (which one can discover through the heritage assessment tool), (2) the heritage of the nursing profession, (3) the heritage of the health care system, and (4) the heritage of the patient (utilization of a heritage assessment tool is also helpful). Throughout nursing education various types of physical examination and assessments are learned, including, healt h history, mental health assessment, and nutritional assessment.However, depending on the patients heritage the information you gather may vary widely, therefore a heritage assessment must be an integral part of a complete physical and health assessment (Jarvis, C. , 2012). Next, health traditions will be discussed. Health traditions vary greatly amongst different cultures. The three areas to be discussed for the purpose of this paper are health maintenance (how families maintain health and prevent illness) health protection (what measures are taken to protect the body from illness) and health restoration (what is done to restore the body o the prior level of functioning after an illness).Three families from different cultures were interviewed about the three areas mentioned. The cultural backgrounds included that of the author (African American), Mexican American, and tweed American. The findings of the interviews are identified in the table below (information including but not l imited to what is listed). These families of different cultures ascribed their health traditions to different things.The African American family states that their health traditions are passed down by elders (grandparents), of both sexes. The Mexican American family ascribes their traditions to the women of the family, stating that it is a female responsibility to pass down traditions regarding heath. The Caucasian American family states that they received their knowledge of health from what is or has been proved by science, and usually each mother of the household is responsible for the health of the family.

Beowulf and the Hero’s Journey

Joseph Campbells term monomyth can be described as a heros travel. Many heroic characters take place the monomyth, no matter the time period or culture the literature was created in. The poem Beowulf is known to follow the ad jeopardy of the hero described in Campbells monomyth . The heros journey consists of three communions of passages legal separation, initiation, and return. Beowulf endures each of these stages throughout the epic poem, so his journey does follow Campbells monomyth. The separation is the first stage a hero must go through in his or her journey.This stage consists of a blunder -app atomic number 18ntly the merest chance- reveals an unsuspected world, and the individual is drawn into a relationship with forces that are not rightly understood. (42) This is known as the heros call to adventure. In Beowulf, Beowulf heard how Grendel filled nights with horror and quickly commanded a boat fitted out. (197-98) Beowulf couldnt stay away when he heard that attend to was greatly needed defeating Grendel he accumulated his men right away and shipped off to Denmark. The next mensuration is the refusal to call.Beowulf does not refuse to go on this adventure because of his sinlessness. He believes he is the strongest Geat and can defeat anything. Following this step is supernatural aid. Supernatural aid provides the explorer with amulets against the dragon forces he is about to pass. (Campbell 57) In Beowulf the help can be considered God. Beowulf often thanks God for helping him on his journey. For instance, He relied on for help on the Lord of All, on His care and favour. (1271-72) The final exam stage in separation is the crossing of the threshold.In this case the threshold can be considered the ocean. Beowulf and his conspiracy had to cross the ocean in order to come to Denmark to kill Grendel. When they arrive in Denmark they are basically starting their adventure right then, vowing to try and protect. The secondment rite of passage in the monomyth is initiation. The hero moves in a dream landscape or curiously fluid, ambiguous forms, where he must survive a succession of trials. (Campbell 81) This is known as the road of trials. Beowulf is tested when Grendels mother retaliates to her sons death.She lashes out and kills Hrothgars best man. Then, Beowulf goes down into her cave where he duels her. He nearly loses his life when both his stain and armor fail him. No sword could slice her evil skin , that Hrunting could not hurt her, was unserviceable now when he needed it. (1521-24) He took a magical sword that was hanging on her wall and killed her with it. Beowulfs helpers in this stage would be the sword and God. Without the sword he would not have been to kill Grendels mother. Beowulf relies on Gods help and often gives Him thanks after a betrothal is over.The next stage in his journey is the climax or final battle. After defeating Grendels mother, Beowulf returns to his hometown where he reigns as king fo r fifty years. He is a good king, keeping wild pansy in his country. After fifty years of peace, a fire-breathing dragon is awoken, so he must go protect his people. Beowulf and his warriors venture out to the dragons lair. He goes in alone, confident that he can defeat the beast. He is sadly mistaken Beowulfs armor starts to dissolve and his sword breaks against the dragons scaly back.He was left there to die when all of his fellow warriors ran away cowardly into the woods. Only one weather soldier remained Wiglaf. The final stage in initiation is the heros flight. This storys flight is Wiglaf saving Beowulf. Wiglaf runs into the dragons home with honor saying, Id rather burn myself than see flames swirling around my lord. (2651-52) Wiglaf defeated the monster, but couldnt save Beowulf. One of the dragons tusks have been stabbed into his neck, reservation it impossible to save him.As death surrounded Beowulf, he made Wiglaf the new ruler of the Geats. This was the final stage in the initiation of Beowulfs journey The final rite of passage is the return. The return is the end of the heros adventure. Campells states, his return is described as coming back out of the yonder zone. (188) When Beowulf dies, peace is lost in his country. His country ultimately returns to fighting and war. The end is really the beginning for a new ruler, Wiglaf, and a new time period of fighting.The final part of the heros journey is the elixir. An elixir is something the hero obtained during his journey that can be shared with society. It often defines the heros role in the society. Beowulfs elixir could be considered his story. Beowulf brought insight to his people and to the Danes that one can defeat demons and receive redemption. He showed them this when he defeated both Grendel and his mother and battled the dragon. Additionally, Beowulfs blessing of peace could be considered the elixir. While he was in rule, his land was safe.He kept peace for his people. Beowulf acquired this peace by defeating Grendel and proving that he was strong. The final rite of passage in the heros journey is basically just returning back to the beginning, or where the hero was at before his adventure started. Beowulf is a great example of Campbells monomyth. The standard path of the mythological adventure of the hero is a magnification of the formula represented in the rites of passage separation initiation return which might be named the nuclear unit of the monomyth. (Campbell 23) Beowulfs journey follows each of these passages. First, is the separation. Beowulf begins his journey here and defeats Grendel. Next, is the initiation. Beowulf defeats Grendels mother, becomes king of the Geats, and battles the dragon in this stage. Finally, is the return. After he dies, peace is lost. The land he once ruled returns to a land of war and fighting. Although Beowulf does not exactly follow the heros journey, he does follow the main points Campbell makes in his monomyth. In conclu sion, Beowulf follows the monomyth on his adventure.

Bilingual Education Essay

Now, it throwms to be universally accepted that increased education is a good thing. Thousands of colleges and millions of students spend vast amounts of measure and money chasing piece of musics of paper. But what is the value of these qualifications? This essay will discuss whether education has been devalued. Supporters of education (usually teachers or educators, or those who have an interest in stopping pile thinking for themselves) say that increased levels of education will open doors for students.Certificates, diplomas, and degrees are held up as a status symbol, a passport to a clannish club of money and power. However, the truly powerful are non those who have taken degrees, but flock who have stood back and looked at what is really chief(prenominal) in life. They have seen opportunity and followed dreams. These people are found in every part of society. Like many brilliant people, Einstein was a clean student at math. Like many successful businessmen, Bill furni sh never completed college.Like many inventive and creative people, Edison never went to shallow. The superior unearthly teachers do not have letters after their name, but have looked into their hearts for meaning. Similarly, the worlds political leaders do not have masters degrees or doctorates. These are the people who shaped our century, and they are too busy with real life to spend era in the paper chase. Students in college are being sold an illusion. They are made to believe that self-understanding and society approval will come with the acquisition of a piece of paper.Instead of thinking for themselves, and finding their own personality and strengths, they are fitted like square pegs into round holes. The role of education is to prepare masses of people to influence at low levels of ability in a very limited and restricted range of activities. Some of these activities are more challenging than perhaps the congregation lines of the past, but nevertheless the ultimate p urpose is equally un evoke. More worryingly, despite the increased level of education, people are still not genuinely expect to think for themselves.In fact, the longer years of trailing make the job of brainwashing even easier. There is still a role for study, research, and education. However, we need to regard our emphasis on education for the sake of a piece of paper, and to learn the real meaning and revolutionary challenge of knowledge. mean by education from the outset. That cogency make it easier for you to sharpen your arguments against it. You need to better deal with the opposing arguments. It is true of course that some people become millionaires by dropping out of school to become entrepreneurs.But, if one looks at the average income of dropouts compared to the average income of people who graduate high school, and then compare those rates to the average income of people who graduate from university, we see quite clearly that better education leads, on average, to gre ater career success (you could even do research and cite sources, using empirical turn out to back up your points ) Also, education, especially liberal arts (or even liberal science) tends to improve people, giving them a capacity for critical thought that makes them more interesting and worth listening to.You even seem to acknowledge, in your conclusion, that people who do well without formal education may yet be considered self-educated. So, perhaps you should ready what you mean by education from the outset. That might make it easier for you to sharpen your arguments against it. I am not sure that I am following your argument here. learning is devalued because it is akin to brainwashing and drains people of the ability to think for themselves. Truly powerful people have never been to college. The role of education is to transform people into automatons performing a limited range of activities.As an argumentative essay, youll need to back up those opinions. Your examples empen nage help, but Einstein did attend university and had a doctorate degree from the school of mathematics and natural sciences at Zurich University. I dont think you can make the claim that Einstein had difficulty with math he was studying calculus at the age of twelve but he did have trouble with speech. Edison did not attend university, but at that time a mere 1% of the population attended college so the example loses impact. Bill Gates attended Harvard.He didnt graduate, but he still considers his Harvard experience valuable (it is where he learned that there are people smarter than he is and met business partner Steve Ballmer). Besides, Harvard gave Gates an Honorary Degree in 2007. Gates also blows the theory that brilliant people struggle with math he scored near perfect on the SAT. Steve Jobs quite college after a semester (I know that you didnt use him as an example, but I thought it was interesting Michael Dell is another computer guru who never finished college). Who are the worlds religious teachers and political leaders that you are referring to?.Heres an article that I found interesting http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/29445201/ It talks about different things than your essay, but I can see where everyone getting a college degree would devalue those degrees . . . forty is the new thirty and a college degree is the new high diploma, blah, blah, blah. With 68% of high school graduates in the US enrolling in collage (2008), do we have a future with an over-educated, under-employed workforce? I could also see the argument that not everyone is meet for college life and we, as a society, need auto mechanics, plumbers, and grocery store clerks.

Correlation between Employees’ Job Satisfaction and Demographic Variables

An Analysis of the Correlation betwixt Employees argumentation felicity and demographic Variables Over the last decades, Job gladness has been identified as the major research traditions in brass instrumental psychology. Job satisfaction can significantly influence the company as Job satisfaction can positively affect employee commitment and working performance, which impart determine the overall success and maturement of the company (Feinting, 2000).Empirical research has shown that there are certain variables which may play an important role in mediating Job satisfaction in the oracle. The factors affecting employee Job satisfaction include the personal traits of individuals, Job scope, and organization characteristics. (Gilson and Derrick, 1998). The study of the relationship surrounded by length of serve up and Job satisfaction variables remains among the most brilliant of these studies (Kirk, 2003). Other demographic variables to consider include age, gender and nation ality.Several studies (e. G. , Betel and Brenner, 1986 Creighton, 1977 Wilting, Arnold, and Conrad, 1978 Gomez-Mejia, 1983 Griffin and Bateman, 1986) indicated that these demographic rabbles (gender, age, education, length of service and nationality) affect work values, which are related to Job satisfaction and commitment to a certain extent. on that point are also studies that tackled the issue from another perspective, which reported that there is a correlativity coefficient between Job satisfaction and performance (Herbert, Amasser, Peterson & Capable, 1957).According to Bedpan, Ferris and Kumar (1992), age and Job satisfaction are positively related because an older employee will be able to hold a higher position and obtain a higher net income since they are more experienced, thus aging them more satisfied than younger employee. Besides age, the correlation between gender differences and Job satisfaction have also been widely studied. Witt and Nee (1992) suggested that there is no correlation between the gender differences and the Job satisfaction.In addition, Kirk (2003) has also proposed that there will be significant relationship between the length of service and Job satisfaction, but there is no conclusive evidence that a long-term length of service means a higher Job satisfaction. The present study aimed to investigate the grade to which employees anemographic variables are related to their level of Job satisfaction at work. Based on the books review, it was hypothesized that age is positively related to Job satisfaction among the employees.Similarly, it was also hypothesized that the length of service is also positively correlated with Job satisfaction. From the research examined, it was anticipated that gender difference and nationality does not have any correlation with Job satisfaction. Methods Participants A total number of 30 employees, who are currently working in the marketing apartment of an international company called Singapore Inter national Chamber of Commerce, took part in the survey conducted for the project of the research.Out of these 30 participants, 50% of them were men with the remaining 50% were female. The sample has an age range from 18 to 48 years old with a mean age of 29. 63 (SD = 9. 13). In term of nationality, there were 15 Australians, 5 Singapore, 5 New Zealand, 2 Irish, 1 South African, 1 German and 1 English. whole participants completed the questionnaire voluntarily with no remuneration. Materials The questionnaire consisted of two parts The Job Satisfactory Survey and a Demographic Data Sheet.The 3-item Job Satisfactory Survey was constructed to measure the overall Job satisfaction of the participants. It was designed to esteem their level of Job satisfaction towards three areas their Job, scope of work and working in the current organization. The participants were asked to appreciate their overall level of Job satisfaction based on the three questions on a 7-point Liker carapace from 1 (Extremely Dissatisfied) to 7 (Extremely Satisfied). Therefore, the total targets for the three questions could theoretically range from a minimum score of 3 to a maximum score of 21 .A Demographic Data Sheet was also include in the questionnaire to obtain basic profile information such as gender, age, nationality and length of service from the participants. part All the 30 participants were instructed to gather outside an enclosed meeting room on a Friday level where they were provided with a set of questionnaire. Each participant was given a maximum time of 15 proceedings to complete the survey in the eating room and only one participant was allowed to enter at a time so as to ensure that there would be no bewitchery.At the end of the session, the questionnaires were self-possessed and placed in a sealed envelope to ensure that all information provided were kept confidential. none of the questionnaires were left uncompleted, thus ensuring the validity of all data collecte d. The data was being computed and analyzed using the statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPAS, standard version 19, 2011). Results The results of the analysis of the correlation between the employees overall Job distraction and demographic variables (length of service, age, gender, nationality) are presented in Table 1.The internal consistency of the 3-item Job Satisfactory Survey was an fantabulous reliability of 0. 87 in Cockroachs alpha test.

“How to Poison the Earth” Analysis Essay

How to poison the earth Saukko essay In How to Poison the Earth, the author Saukko intentions sarcasm, satire, and humorous text in order to capture the lectors attention and make them understand her purpose in the essay, which is to steer people the future of out planet. From the very start, her thesis is very straight forward and grabs your attention proficient away. Poisoning the earth can be difficult because the earth is always trying to cleanse and transmigrate itself. A sense of sarcasm is noticed in the authors tone as she is stating that even though we prolong al these toxic chemicals like uranium-238 which is takes million of years to dipsose, and nuclear power plants that create hundreds of plutonium each(prenominal) ear. It is still not enough for the earth to be polluted is ironical. Next she transitions into a step-by-step strike on different ways to put these substances around the earth environment. By means of injection into the soil, where it and so travels to the water, and then into the air.Which will come back tot the ground in the form of rain gum olibanum creating a endless cycle of chemical revolving polluting the earth. She adds data and statics in order to demonstrate the massive core of toxic substances that is occurring in reality. It is not exaggerated as the info is collected from the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) She then associate the ocean with her thesis by stating that it is the hardest to contaminate due to it ability to neutralize some of the substances as easy as its large capacity.Which allows it to be the best long term storage as she says we must use the ocean as a dumping place for as many toxins as possible. Using ironic text to grab the readers attention with her true purpose. All in all, Linnea saukko use of satire, sarcasm, and ironic text in order to convey her message to the audience works. As a in direct way or vague in hope that the reader will catch on to her purpose and make the reader un derstand that the earth is being polluted in a larger scale that what we perceive.

Anna Freud

Anna Freud (3 December 1895 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last electric s viewr of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her take and contri saveed to the newly born field of psycho abridgment. Alongside Melanie Klein, she whitethorn be come acrossed the founder of psychoanalytic baby bird psychological science as her set about put it, infant analysis had get a sinewy impetus with the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud.Compargond to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its mogul to be accomplished socially. The Vienna old mature Anna Freud appears to draw had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she neer made a close or pleasureable relationship with her m new(prenominal), and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a bad influence on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more(prenominal) pleasant child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father the deuce young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories beauty and brains, and their father at once spoke of her outmoded jealousy of Sophie. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up a roughlywhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letter how all sorts of excessive thoughts and feelings plagued her. It seems that in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for unadulterated rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too sl fireer shape she whitethorn pull in suffered from a first of all gear which cause eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899 Anna has wrick downright beautiful through naughtiness. Freud is said to lift to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didnt learn ofttimes in tutor instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started hit the have gotsing her fathers work a dream she had at the age of nineteen months appeared in The definition of Dreams, and commentators digest famed how in the dream of little Anna little Anna sole(prenominal) hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her statement at the bungalow Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evidence that In 1914 she travelled alone to Engl and to break her English, but was compel to forswear shortly later on arriving because struggle was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her hoar school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She last-placely quit her pedagogics career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was consummate in 1922 and thereupon she presented the idea The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream to the Vienna psychoanalyticalal Society, subsequently beseeming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic knowledge Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International psychoanalytic Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and conf erences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the ways and means by which the ego wards clear up displeasure and anxiety, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and realized Freuds reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a gist of the Nazis intensifying molestation of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Ger umteen. Her fathers health had deteriorated severely payable to lecture cancer, so she had to deck up the familys emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a contradict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The war gave Freud hazard to observe the orde r of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called The Hampstead War Nursery. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to gain children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, aft(prenominal) the war, at the Bulldogs camber Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her old friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a childrens clinic was added. Here they worked with Freuds theory of thedevelopmental lines. furthermore Freud started lectur ing on child psychology Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was dreaded with the problems of ruttishly disadvantaged and socially discriminate children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf attached to her parents ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freuds death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as a passionate and inspirational teacher and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transform into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freuds first article, on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but that made her contribution no less scientific.In it she explained how Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies. Freud had earlier cover very concern ground in A Child is Being Beaten they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers in which he highlighted a feminine case where an elaborate super coordinate of day-dreams, which was of great significanc e for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy one which al intimately rose to the level of a work of art. Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein who was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible. In particular, Anna Freuds judgment that In childrens analysis, the transference plays a different role and the analyst not only represents mother but is still an original second mother in the life of the child became something of an orthodoxy over ofttimes of the psychoanalytic world.For her following major work in 1936, her classic monograph on ego psychology and abnegation mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her fathers writings as the principal and peremptory source of her metaphysical insights. Here her cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, eddying against the self, reversal and sublimation helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the idealion of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father We should like to learn more about the ego during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases emphasising how the increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical participations of this period represent attempts at get the hang the drives. The problem comprise by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. Aggressive impulses are intensified to the site of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fire up to piec es.Selma Fraibergs tribute of 1959 that The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my foot and most invaluable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freuds London years that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers including About Losing and Being Lost, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis.Her description therein of simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her fathers recent death. counselling thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who detect t hat childrens symptoms were ultimately analogue to individual(prenominal)ity disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth from dependency to emotional self-reliance. done these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combine her fathers important drive model with more recent object relations theories evince the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her fathers work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that she dedicate her life to protecting her fathers legacy In her theoretical work there would be little blame of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed altruistic birth excessive concer n and anxiety for the lives of his love objects. Jacques Lacan called Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesnt make a building but it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems and by preserving so more of Freuds legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from unmingled Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freuds warning about the potential wrong of her fathers emphasis on booking within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to weewee this down to every individuals longing for perfect unity with his motherThere is an frightful amount that gets lost this way. About essential personal qualities in analysts Dear John , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any uncomfortableness at opposition unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have interests beyond the limits of the medical field in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, and history, otherwise his panorama on his forbearing will remain too narrow. This point contains the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human personality as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? In perhaps not mixed vein, she wrote in 1954 that With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room someplace for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.Anna FreudAnna Freud (3 December 1895 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology as her father put it, child analysis had received a powerful impetus through the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she never mad e a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a bad influence on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories beauty and brains, and their father once spoke of her age-old jealousy of Sophie. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her. It seems that in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to f ill out her all too slender shape she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899 Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didnt learn much in school instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her fathers work a dream she had at the age of nineteen months appeared in The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression , she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evidence that In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English, but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freuds reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her fathers health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the familys emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The war gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called The Hampstead War Nursery. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a chi ldrens clinic was added. Here they worked with Freuds theory of thedevelopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend D orothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freuds death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as a passionate and inspirational teacher and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freuds first article, on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but that made her contribution no less scientific.In it she explained how Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in A Child is Being Beaten they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers in which he highlighted a female case where an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy one which almost rose to the level of a work of art. Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein who was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible. In particular, Anna Freuds belief that In childrens analysis, the transference plays a different role and the analyst not only represents mother but is still an original second mother in the life of the child became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her fathers writings as the pri ncipal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights. Here her cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father We should like to learn more about the ego during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases emphasising how the increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly establi shed in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces.Selma Fraibergs tribute of 1959 that The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freuds London years that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers including About Losing and Being Lost, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis.Her description therein of simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her fathers recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that childrens symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth from dependency to emotional self-reliance. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her fathers important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her fathers work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that she devoted her life to protecting her fathers legacy In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed altruistic surrender excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects. Jacques Lacan called Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesnt make a building but it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems and by preserving so much of Freuds legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freuds warning about the potential loss of her fathers emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individuals longing for perfect unity with his motherThere is an enormous amount that gets lost this way. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts Dear John , You asked me what I consider essential person al qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have interests beyond the limits of the medical field in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, and history, otherwise his outlook on his patient will remain too narrow. This point contains the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.