Anna Freud

Anna Freud (3 December 1895 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last electric s viewr of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her take and contri saveed to the newly born field of psycho abridgment. Alongside Melanie Klein, she whitethorn be come acrossed the founder of psychoanalytic baby bird psychological science as her set about put it, infant analysis had get a sinewy impetus with the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud.Compargond to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its mogul to be accomplished socially. The Vienna old mature Anna Freud appears to draw had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she neer made a close or pleasureable relationship with her m new(prenominal), and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a bad influence on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more(prenominal) pleasant child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father the deuce young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories beauty and brains, and their father at once spoke of her outmoded jealousy of Sophie. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up a roughlywhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letter how all sorts of excessive thoughts and feelings plagued her. It seems that in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for unadulterated rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to fill out her all too sl fireer shape she whitethorn pull in suffered from a first of all gear which cause eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899 Anna has wrick downright beautiful through naughtiness. Freud is said to lift to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didnt learn ofttimes in tutor instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started hit the have gotsing her fathers work a dream she had at the age of nineteen months appeared in The definition of Dreams, and commentators digest famed how in the dream of little Anna little Anna sole(prenominal) hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her statement at the bungalow Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression, she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evidence that In 1914 she travelled alone to Engl and to break her English, but was compel to forswear shortly later on arriving because struggle was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her hoar school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She last-placely quit her pedagogics career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was consummate in 1922 and thereupon she presented the idea The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream to the Vienna psychoanalyticalal Society, subsequently beseeming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic knowledge Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International psychoanalytic Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and conf erences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the ways and means by which the ego wards clear up displeasure and anxiety, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and realized Freuds reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a gist of the Nazis intensifying molestation of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Ger umteen. Her fathers health had deteriorated severely payable to lecture cancer, so she had to deck up the familys emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a contradict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The war gave Freud hazard to observe the orde r of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called The Hampstead War Nursery. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to gain children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, aft(prenominal) the war, at the Bulldogs camber Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her old friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a childrens clinic was added. Here they worked with Freuds theory of thedevelopmental lines. furthermore Freud started lectur ing on child psychology Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was dreaded with the problems of ruttishly disadvantaged and socially discriminate children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf attached to her parents ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freuds death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as a passionate and inspirational teacher and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transform into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freuds first article, on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but that made her contribution no less scientific.In it she explained how Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies. Freud had earlier cover very concern ground in A Child is Being Beaten they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers in which he highlighted a feminine case where an elaborate super coordinate of day-dreams, which was of great significanc e for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy one which al intimately rose to the level of a work of art. Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein who was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible. In particular, Anna Freuds judgment that In childrens analysis, the transference plays a different role and the analyst not only represents mother but is still an original second mother in the life of the child became something of an orthodoxy over ofttimes of the psychoanalytic world.For her following major work in 1936, her classic monograph on ego psychology and abnegation mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her fathers writings as the principal and peremptory source of her metaphysical insights. Here her cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, eddying against the self, reversal and sublimation helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the idealion of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father We should like to learn more about the ego during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases emphasising how the increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical participations of this period represent attempts at get the hang the drives. The problem comprise by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. Aggressive impulses are intensified to the site of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly established in the structure of the ego, threaten to fire up to piec es.Selma Fraibergs tribute of 1959 that The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my foot and most invaluable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freuds London years that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers including About Losing and Being Lost, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis.Her description therein of simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her fathers recent death. counselling thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who detect t hat childrens symptoms were ultimately analogue to individual(prenominal)ity disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth from dependency to emotional self-reliance. done these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combine her fathers important drive model with more recent object relations theories evince the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her fathers work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that she dedicate her life to protecting her fathers legacy In her theoretical work there would be little blame of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed altruistic birth excessive concer n and anxiety for the lives of his love objects. Jacques Lacan called Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesnt make a building but it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems and by preserving so more of Freuds legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from unmingled Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freuds warning about the potential wrong of her fathers emphasis on booking within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to weewee this down to every individuals longing for perfect unity with his motherThere is an frightful amount that gets lost this way. About essential personal qualities in analysts Dear John , You asked me what I consider essential personal qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any uncomfortableness at opposition unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have interests beyond the limits of the medical field in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, and history, otherwise his panorama on his forbearing will remain too narrow. This point contains the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human personality as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? In perhaps not mixed vein, she wrote in 1954 that With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room someplace for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.Anna FreudAnna Freud (3 December 1895 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund and Martha Freud. Born in Vienna, she followed the path of her father and contributed to the newly born field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology as her father put it, child analysis had received a powerful impetus through the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud.Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially. The Vienna years Anna Freud appears to have had a comparatively unhappy childhood, in which she never mad e a close or pleasureable relationship with her mother, and was really nurtured by their Catholic nurse Josephine. She had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud (as well as troubles with her cousin Sonja Trierweiler, a bad influence on her).Her sister, Sophie, who was the more attractive child, represented a threat in the struggle for the affection of their father the two young Freuds developed their version of a common sisterly division of territories beauty and brains, and their father once spoke of her age-old jealousy of Sophie. As well as this rivalry between the two sisters, Anna had other difficulties growing up a somewhat troubled youngster who complained to her father in candid letters how all sorts of unreasonable thoughts and feelings plagued her. It seems that in general, she was relentlessly competitive with her siblings nd was repeatedly sent to health farms for thorough rest, salutary walks, and some extra pounds to f ill out her all too slender shape she may have suffered from a depression which caused eating disorders. The relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family they were very close. She was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899 Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness. Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family.Later on Anna Freud would say that she didnt learn much in school instead she learned from her father and his guests at home. This was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her fathers work a dream she had at the age of nineteen months appeared in The Interpretation of Dreams, and commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912. Suffering from a depression , she was very insecure about what to do in the future.Subsequently, she went to Italy to stay with her grandmother, and there is evidence that In 1914 she travelled alone to England to improve her English, but was forced to leave shortly after arriving because war was declared. In 1914 she passed the test to be a trainee at her old school, the Cottage Lyceum. From 1915 to 1917, she was a trainee, and then a teacher from 1917 to 1920. She finally quit her teaching career because of tuberculosis. In 1918, her father started psychoanalysis on her and she became seriously involved with this new profession.Her analysis was completed in 1922 and thereupon she presented the paper The Relation of Beating Fantasies to a Daydream to the Vienna Psychoanalytical Society, subsequently becoming a member. In 1923, Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.In 1935, Freud became director of the Vienna Psychoanalytical Training Institute and in the following year she published her influential study of the ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence. It became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freuds reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany. Her fathers health had deteriorated severely due to jaw cancer, so she had to organize the familys emigration to London.Here she continued her work and took care of her father, who finally died in the autumn of 1939. When Anna arrived in London, a conflict came to a head between her and Melanie Klein regarding developmental theories of children, culminating in the Controversial discussions. The war gave Freud opportunity to observe the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called The Hampstead War Nursery. Here the children got foster care although mothers were encouraged to visit as often as possible.The underlying idea was to give children the opportunity to form attachments by providing continuity of relationships. This was continued, after the war, at the Bulldogs Bank Home, which was an orphanage, run by colleagues of Freud, that took care of children who survived concentration camps. Based on these observations Anna published a series of studies with her longtime friend, Dorothy Burlingham-Tiffany on the impact of stress on children and the ability to find substitute affections among peers when parents cannot give them. In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses.Five years later, a chi ldrens clinic was added. Here they worked with Freuds theory of thedevelopmental lines. Furthermore Freud started lecturing on child psychology Siegfried Bernfeld and August Aichorn, who both had practical experience of dealing with children, were among her mentors in this. From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, to teach and to visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children, and she studied deviations and delays in development.At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family this led to a transatlantic collaboration with Joseph Goldstein and Albert Solnit on children and the law, published as Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend D orothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.One year after Freuds death a publication of her collected works appeared. She was mentioned as a passionate and inspirational teacher and in 1984 the Hampstead Clinic was renamed the Anna Freud Centre. Furthermore her home in London for forty years was in 1986, as she had wished, transformed into the Freud Museum, dedicated to her father and the psychoanalytical society. Major contributions to psychoanalysis Anna Freuds first article, on beating fantasies, drew in part on her own inner life, but that made her contribution no less scientific.In it she explained how Daydreaming, which consciously may be designed to suppress masturbation, is mainly unconsciously an elaboration of the original masturbatory fantasies. Freud had earlier covered very similar ground in A Child is Being Beaten they both used material from her analysis as clinical illustration in their sometimes complementary papers in which he highlighted a female case where an elaborate superstructure of day-dreams, which was of great significance for the life of the person concerned, had grown up over the masochistic beating-phantasy one which almost rose to the level of a work of art. Her views on child development, which she expounded in 1927 in her first book, An Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis, clashed with those of Melanie Klein who was departing from the developmental schedule that Freud, and his analyst daughter, found most plausible. In particular, Anna Freuds belief that In childrens analysis, the transference plays a different role and the analyst not only represents mother but is still an original second mother in the life of the child became something of an orthodoxy over much of the psychoanalytic world.For her next major work in 1936, her classic monograph on ego psychology and defense mechanisms, Anna Freud drew on her own clinical experience, but relied on her fathers writings as the pri ncipal and authoritative source of her theoretical insights. Here her cataloguing of regression, repression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against the self, reversal and sublimation helped establish the importance of the ego functions and the concept of defense mechanisms, continuing the greater emphasis on the ego of her father We should like to learn more about the ego during his final decades.Special attention was paid in it to later childhood and adolescent developments I have always been more attracted to the latency period than the pre-Oedipal phases emphasising how the increased intellectual, scientific, and philosophical interests of this period represent attempts at mastering the drives. The problem posed by physiological maturation has been stated forcefully by Anna Freud. Aggressive impulses are intensified to the point of complete unruliness, hunger becomes voracity The reaction-formations, which seemed to be firmly establi shed in the structure of the ego, threaten to fall to pieces.Selma Fraibergs tribute of 1959 that The writings of Anna Freud on ego psychology and her studies in early child development have illuminated the world of childhood for workers in the most varied professions and have been for me my introduction and most valuable guide spoke at that time for most of psychoanalysis outside the Kleinian heartland. Arguably, however, it was in Anna Freuds London years that she wrote her most distinguished psychoanalytic papers including About Losing and Being Lost, which everyone should read regardless of their interest in psychoanalysis.Her description therein of simultaneous urges to remain loyal to the dead and to turn towards new ties with the living may perhaps reflect her own mourning process after her fathers recent death. Focusing thereafter on research, observation and treatment of children, Anna Freud established a group of prominent child developmental analysts (which included Erik Erikson, Edith Jacobson and Margaret Mahler) who noticed that childrens symptoms were ultimately analogue to personality disorders among adults and thus often related to developmental stages.Her book Normality and Pathology in Childhood (1965) summarised the use of developmental lines charting theoretical normal growth from dependency to emotional self-reliance. Through these then revolutionary ideas Anna provided us with a comprehensive developmental theory and the concept of developmental lines, which combined her fathers important drive model with more recent object relations theories emphasizing the importance of parents in child development processes.Nevertheless her basic loyalty to her fathers work remained unimpaired, and it might indeed be said that she devoted her life to protecting her fathers legacy In her theoretical work there would be little criticism of him, and she would make what is still the finest contribution to the psychoanalytic understanding of passivity, or what she termed altruistic surrender excessive concern and anxiety for the lives of his love objects. Jacques Lacan called Anna Freud the plumb line of psychoanalysis. Well, the plumb line doesnt make a building but it allows us to gauge the vertical of certain problems and by preserving so much of Freuds legacy and standards she may indeed have served as something of a living yardstick. With psychoanalysis continuing to move away from classical Freudianism to other concerns, it may still be salutary to heed Anna Freuds warning about the potential loss of her fathers emphasis on conflict within the individual person, the aims, ideas and ideals battling with the drives to keep the individual within a civilized community. It has become modern to water this down to every individuals longing for perfect unity with his motherThere is an enormous amount that gets lost this way. About essential personal qualities in psychoanalysts Dear John , You asked me what I consider essential person al qualities in a future psychoanalyst. The answer is comparatively simple. If you want to be a real psychoanalyst you have to have a great love of the truth, scientific truth as well as personal truth, and you have to place this appreciation of truth higher than any discomfort at meeting unpleasant facts, whether they belong to the world outside or to your own inner person.Further, I think that a psychoanalyst should have interests beyond the limits of the medical field in facts that belong to sociology, religion, literature, and history, otherwise his outlook on his patient will remain too narrow. This point contains the necessary preparations beyond the requirements made on candidates of psychoanalysis in the institutes. You ought to be a great reader and become acquainted with the literature of many countries and cultures.In the great literary figures you will find people who know at least as much of human nature as the psychiatrists and psychologists try to do. Does that answer your question? In perhaps not dissimilar vein, she wrote in 1954 that With due respect for the necessary strictest handling and interpretation of the transference, I feel still that we should leave room somewhere for the realization that analyst and patient are also two real people, of equal adult status, in a real personal relationship to each other.